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NEW QUESTION: 1
Which of the following is a risk strategy?
A. Risk identification
B. Risk review
C. Risk avoidance
D. Risk quantification
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION: 2
Refer to the exhibit.
What is the result when a technician adds the monitor session 1 destination remote vlan 233 command?
A. The RSPAN VLAN is replaced by VLAN 223.
B. RSPAN traffic is split between VLANs 222 and 223.
C. An error is flagged for configuring two destinations.
D. RSPAN traffic is sent to VLANs 222 and 223.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION: 3
The primary purpose for using one-way hashing of user passwords within a password file is which of the following?
A. It minimizes the amount of storage required for user passwords.
B. It prevents an unauthorized person from trying multiple passwords in one logon attempt.
C. It minimizes the amount of processing time used for encrypting passwords.
D. It prevents an unauthorized person from reading the password.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The whole idea behind a one-way hash is that it should be just that - one-way. In other words, an attacker should not be able to figure out your password from the hashed version of that password in any mathematically feasible way (or within any reasonable length of time).
Password Hashing and Encryption In most situations , if an attacker sniffs your password from the network wire, she still has some work to do before she actually knows your password value because most systems hash the password with a hashing algorithm, commonly MD4 or MD5, to ensure passwords are not sent in cleartext.
Although some people think the world is run by Microsoft, other types of operating systems are out there, such as Unix and Linux. These systems do not use registries and SAM databases, but contain their user passwords in a file cleverly called "shadow." Now, this shadow file does not contain passwords in cleartext; instead, your password is run through a hashing algorithm, and the resulting value is stored in this file.
Unixtype systems zest things up by using salts in this process. Salts are random values added to the encryption process to add more complexity and randomness. The more randomness entered into the encryption process, the harder it is for the bad guy to decrypt and uncover your password. The use of a salt means that the same password can be encrypted into several thousand different formats. This makes it much more difficult for an attacker to uncover the right format for your system.
Password Cracking tools Note that the use of one-way hashes for passwords does not prevent password crackers from guessing passwords. A password cracker runs a plain-text string through the same one-way hash algorithm used by the system to generate a hash, then compares that generated has with the one stored on the system. If they match, the password cracker has guessed your password.
This is very much the same process used to authenticate you to a system via a password. When you type your username and password, the system hashes the password you typed and compares that generated hash against the one stored on the system - if they match, you are authenticated.
Pre-Computed password tables exists today and they allow you to crack passwords on Lan Manager (LM) within a VERY short period of time through the use of Rainbow Tables. A Rainbow Table is a precomputed table for reversing cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a plaintext password up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space/time trade-off
also called a Time-Memory trade off, using more computer processing time at the cost of less
storage when calculating a hash on every attempt, or less processing time and more storage when
compared to a simple lookup table with one entry per hash. Use of a key derivation function that
employs a salt makes this attack unfeasible.
You may want to review "Rainbow Tables" at the links:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table
http://www.antsight.com/zsl/rainbowcrack/
Today's password crackers:
Meet oclHashcat. They are GPGPU-based multi-hash cracker using a brute-force attack
(implemented as mask attack), combinator attack, dictionary attack, hybrid attack, mask attack,
and rule-based attack.
This GPU cracker is a fusioned version of oclHashcat-plus and oclHashcat-lite, both very well-
known suites at that time, but now deprecated. There also existed a now very old oclHashcat GPU
cracker that was replaced w/ plus and lite, which - as said - were then merged into oclHashcat
1.00 again.
This cracker can crack Hashes of NTLM Version 2 up to 8 characters in less than a few hours. It is
definitively a game changer. It can try hundreds of billions of tries per seconds on a very large
cluster of GPU's. It supports up to 128 Video Cards at once.
I am stuck using Password what can I do to better protect myself?
You could look at safer alternative such as Bcrypt, PBKDF2, and Scrypt.
bcrypt is a key derivation function for passwords designed by Niels Provos and David Mazieres,
based on the Blowfish cipher, and presented at USENIX in 1999. Besides incorporating a salt to
protect against rainbow table attacks, bcrypt is an adaptive function: over time, the iteration count
can be increased to make it slower, so it remains resistant to brute-force search attacks even with
increasing computation power.
In cryptography, scrypt is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival,
originally for the Tarsnap online backup service. The algorithm was specifically designed to make
it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of memory. In
2012, the scrypt algorithm was published by the IETF as an Internet Draft, intended to become an
informational RFC, which has since expired. A simplified version of scrypt is used as a proof-of-
work scheme by a number of cryptocurrencies, such as Litecoin and Dogecoin.
PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2) is a key derivation function that is part of
RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series, specifically PKCS #5 v2.0,
also published as Internet Engineering Task Force's RFC 2898. It replaces an earlier standard,
PBKDF1, which could only produce derived keys up to 160 bits long.
PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function, such as a cryptographic hash, cipher, or HMAC to the
input password or passphrase along with a salt value and repeats the process many times to
produce a derived key, which can then be used as a cryptographic key in subsequent operations.
The added computational work makes password cracking much more difficult, and is known as
key stretching. When the standard was written in 2000, the recommended minimum number of
iterations was 1000, but the parameter is intended to be increased over time as CPU speeds
increase. Having a salt added to the password reduces the ability to use precomputed hashes
(rainbow tables) for attacks, and means that multiple passwords have to be tested individually, not
all at once. The standard recommends a salt length of at least 64 bits.
The other answers are incorrect:
"It prevents an unauthorized person from trying multiple passwords in one logon attempt." is
incorrect because the fact that a password has been hashed does not prevent this type of brute
force password guessing attempt.
"It minimizes the amount of storage required for user passwords" is incorrect because hash
algorithms always generate the same number of bits, regardless of the length of the input.
Therefore, even short passwords will still result in a longer hash and not minimize storage
requirements.
"It minimizes the amount of processing time used for encrypting passwords" is incorrect because
the processing time to encrypt a password would be basically the same required to produce a one-
way has of the same password.
Reference(s) used for this question:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt
Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (p. 195) . McGraw-Hill.
Kindle Edition.